"""Plain native-process CLI for the image toolkit.

Usage::

    python -m tools.example examples/input.json
    python -m tools.example --topic "red fox" --width 640 --height 480 --format png

Exactly one machine-readable JSON document is written to stdout.  The process
exit code is derived from the fixed status vocabulary in :mod:`tools.envelope`.
"""

from __future__ import annotations

import argparse
import json
import re
import struct
import sys
import zlib
from dataclasses import dataclass
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Any, Mapping, Sequence

from . import images
from .envelope import (
    STATUS_ACCESS_ERROR,
    STATUS_NO_FORMAT,
    STATUS_NO_SIZE,
    STATUS_OK,
    STATUS_PARTIAL_DOWNLOAD,
    Response,
    ResponseBuilder,
    error_fragment,
)
from .errors import (
    ACCEPTED_FORMATS,
    ImageResizeError,
    RequestDocumentError,
    RequestError,
    RequestFieldError,
    SourceAccessError,
    ToolkitError,
    UnknownSourceError,
    UnsupportedFormatError,
)
from .images import ImageFormatError, ImageInfo
from .sources import DEFAULT_LIMIT, SourceCandidate, default_registry

PROG = "python -m tools.example"

#: Keys accepted in a JSON request document (``version`` is optional metadata).
REQUEST_FIELDS: tuple[str, ...] = (
    "topic",
    "width",
    "height",
    "format",
    "source",
    "count",
    "download",
    "output_dir",
    "resize",
    "dry_run",
)

OPTIONAL_DOCUMENT_FIELDS: tuple[str, ...] = ("version",)

DEFAULT_SOURCE = "wikimedia_commons"
DEFAULT_OUTPUT_DIR = "downloads"
MIN_COUNT = 1
MAX_COUNT = 50

#: How many candidates are fetched per wanted image.  Nothing a source reports
#: about a hit is trusted, so a candidate is only known to be usable once its
#: bytes have been downloaded and parsed; the source is therefore asked for a
#: window of ``count * SAMPLE_FACTOR`` hits and the window is cut short as soon
#: as ``count`` usable images have been found.
SAMPLE_FACTOR = 4
#: Hard upper bound on the number of candidates inspected in one invocation.
MAX_CANDIDATE_CAP = MAX_COUNT


def candidate_cap(count: int) -> int:
    """Return the bounded number of candidates to fetch for ``count`` images."""

    wanted = max(MIN_COUNT, int(count))
    return min(MAX_CANDIDATE_CAP, wanted * SAMPLE_FACTOR)


class _Parser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
    """Argument parser that reports bad flags as request errors."""

    def error(self, message: str) -> Any:  # pragma: no cover - argparse hook
        raise RequestError(message, accepted_fields=REQUEST_FIELDS)


def build_parser() -> argparse.ArgumentParser:
    """Return the CLI parser; ``--help`` documents every supported parameter."""

    parser = _Parser(
        prog=PROG,
        description=(
            "Search an image source and report the matching items as one JSON "
            "document. Either pass a JSON request document or use the flags."
        ),
        epilog=(
            "Every run writes exactly one JSON document to stdout with the keys "
            "status, source, request, items and error."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "request",
        nargs="?",
        metavar="REQUEST.json",
        help=(
            "path to a JSON request document holding the same fields as the "
            "flags; it cannot be combined with any of the flags"
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "-t",
        "--topic",
        metavar="TEXT",
        help="search topic (required unless a request document is given)",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--width",
        type=int,
        metavar="PX",
        help="target width in pixels; only images at least this wide are accepted",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--height",
        type=int,
        metavar="PX",
        help="target height in pixels; only images at least this tall are accepted",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "-f",
        "--format",
        metavar="FMT",
        help="image format: " + "|".join(ACCEPTED_FORMATS),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "-s",
        "--source",
        metavar="ID",
        help=f"image source id (default: {DEFAULT_SOURCE}); unknown ids are rejected",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "-c",
        "--count",
        type=int,
        metavar="N",
        help=f"how many candidates to request, {MIN_COUNT}-{MAX_COUNT} (default: {DEFAULT_LIMIT})",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--download",
        action="store_true",
        help="download every matching image into the output directory",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "-o",
        "--output-dir",
        metavar="DIR",
        help=f"download directory (default: ./{DEFAULT_OUTPUT_DIR})",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--resize",
        action="store_true",
        help=(
            "downscale every downloaded image so it fits the requested width "
            "and height, keeping the aspect ratio and never scaling up; "
            "without it the original bytes are written and the actual size is "
            "reported"
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--dry-run",
        action="store_true",
        help="validate the request and emit the envelope without any network access",
    )
    return parser


def _load_document(path: str) -> Mapping[str, Any]:
    """Read a JSON request document from ``path``."""

    target = Path(path)
    try:
        text = target.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
    except OSError as exc:
        raise RequestDocumentError(
            f"cannot read request document {path!r}: {exc.strerror or exc}",
            details={"path": str(path)},
        ) from exc
    try:
        payload = json.loads(text)
    except json.JSONDecodeError as exc:
        raise RequestDocumentError(
            f"request document {path!r} is not valid JSON: {exc.msg}",
            details={"path": str(path), "line": exc.lineno, "column": exc.colno},
        ) from exc
    if not isinstance(payload, Mapping):
        raise RequestDocumentError(
            f"request document {path!r} must contain a JSON object",
            details={"path": str(path), "type": type(payload).__name__},
        )
    return payload


def _document_to_mapping(payload: Mapping[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
    """Reject unknown keys and return the accepted request fields."""

    accepted = REQUEST_FIELDS + OPTIONAL_DOCUMENT_FIELDS
    unknown = sorted(str(key) for key in payload if key not in accepted)
    if unknown:
        raise RequestFieldError(
            "request document contains unsupported fields: " + ", ".join(unknown),
            field=unknown[0],
            details={"unknown_fields": unknown, "accepted_fields": list(REQUEST_FIELDS)},
        )
    return {key: payload[key] for key in REQUEST_FIELDS if key in payload}


def _flags_to_mapping(namespace: argparse.Namespace) -> dict[str, Any]:
    """Collect the explicitly supplied flags into a request mapping."""

    mapping: dict[str, Any] = {}
    for field in ("topic", "width", "height", "format", "source", "count", "output_dir"):
        value = getattr(namespace, field, None)
        if value is not None:
            mapping[field] = value
    for field in ("download", "resize", "dry_run"):
        if getattr(namespace, field, False):
            mapping[field] = True
    return mapping


def _as_text(value: Any, field: str) -> str:
    if not isinstance(value, str):
        raise RequestFieldError(
            f"{field} must be a string, got {type(value).__name__}", field=field
        )
    text = value.strip()
    if not text:
        raise RequestFieldError(f"{field} must not be empty", field=field)
    return text


def _as_int(value: Any, field: str) -> int:
    if isinstance(value, bool) or not isinstance(value, int):
        raise RequestFieldError(
            f"{field} must be an integer, got {type(value).__name__}", field=field
        )
    return int(value)


def _as_bool(value: Any, field: str) -> bool:
    if not isinstance(value, bool):
        raise RequestFieldError(
            f"{field} must be a boolean, got {type(value).__name__}", field=field
        )
    return bool(value)


def normalize_request(raw: Mapping[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
    """Validate ``raw`` and return the complete, typed request mapping."""

    if "topic" not in raw:
        raise RequestFieldError(
            "topic is required",
            field="topic",
            details={"required_fields": ["topic"], "accepted_fields": list(REQUEST_FIELDS)},
        )
    topic = _as_text(raw["topic"], "topic")

    size: dict[str, int | None] = {"width": None, "height": None}
    for field in ("width", "height"):
        if raw.get(field) is None:
            continue
        number = _as_int(raw[field], field)
        if number <= 0:
            raise RequestFieldError(f"{field} must be positive", field=field)
        size[field] = number

    if "format" not in raw or raw["format"] is None:
        raise RequestFieldError(
            "format is required",
            field="format",
            details={"accepted_formats": list(ACCEPTED_FORMATS)},
        )
    image_format = _as_text(raw["format"], "format").lower()
    if image_format not in ACCEPTED_FORMATS:
        raise UnsupportedFormatError(image_format)

    source = DEFAULT_SOURCE
    if raw.get("source") is not None:
        source = _as_text(raw["source"], "source")

    count = DEFAULT_LIMIT
    if raw.get("count") is not None:
        count = _as_int(raw["count"], "count")
        if not MIN_COUNT <= count <= MAX_COUNT:
            raise RequestFieldError(
                f"count must be between {MIN_COUNT} and {MAX_COUNT}",
                field="count",
                details={"min": MIN_COUNT, "max": MAX_COUNT},
            )

    output_dir = DEFAULT_OUTPUT_DIR
    if raw.get("output_dir") is not None:
        output_dir = _as_text(raw["output_dir"], "output_dir")

    return {
        "topic": topic,
        "width": size["width"],
        "height": size["height"],
        "format": image_format,
        "source": source,
        "count": count,
        "download": _as_bool(raw.get("download", False), "download"),
        "output_dir": output_dir,
        "resize": _as_bool(raw.get("resize", False), "resize"),
        "dry_run": _as_bool(raw.get("dry_run", False), "dry_run"),
    }


def _meets_minimum_size(info: ImageInfo, request: Mapping[str, Any]) -> bool:
    """True when the *real* pixel size of an image is usable for the request.

    The requested width and height are a minimum, not an exact match: any image
    that is at least that large is usable because it can always be downscaled,
    while a smaller image would have to be scaled up and is therefore rejected.
    ``--resize`` only decides whether the downloaded bytes are downscaled; it
    never widens or narrows this filter.
    """

    wanted_width = request.get("width")
    wanted_height = request.get("height")
    if wanted_width is not None and info.width < wanted_width:
        return False
    if wanted_height is not None and info.height < wanted_height:
        return False
    return True


def _failure(candidate: SourceCandidate, fragment: Mapping[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
    """Describe one candidate whose bytes could not be turned into an image."""

    return {
        "source": str(getattr(candidate, "source_id", "") or ""),
        "url": str(getattr(candidate, "file_url", "") or ""),
        "error": dict(fragment),
    }


@dataclass(frozen=True)
class KeptImage:
    """One candidate whose downloaded bytes really match the request."""

    candidate: SourceCandidate
    info: ImageInfo
    payload: bytes

    def to_item(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
        """Report ``source``, ``url``, ``format`` and the *actual* dimensions."""

        source = str(getattr(self.candidate, "source_id", "") or "")
        url = str(getattr(self.candidate, "file_url", "") or "")
        item: dict[str, Any] = {
            "source": source,
            "url": url,
            # Kept as an alias so existing consumers keep working unchanged.
            "file_url": url,
            "format": self.info.format,
            "width": self.info.width,
            "height": self.info.height,
            "size_bytes": len(self.payload),
        }
        for key in ("title", "page_url", "mime_type"):
            value = getattr(self.candidate, key, None)
            if value is not None:
                item[key] = value
        return item


@dataclass(frozen=True)
class Selection:
    """Outcome of inspecting a bounded window of downloaded candidates."""

    kept: tuple[KeptImage, ...] = ()
    format_rejects: int = 0
    size_rejects: int = 0
    failures: tuple[dict[str, Any], ...] = ()

    @property
    def inspected(self) -> int:
        """Number of candidates whose bytes were read successfully."""

        return len(self.kept) + self.format_rejects + self.size_rejects


def _select(candidates: Sequence[SourceCandidate], request: Mapping[str, Any]) -> Selection:
    """Fetch and inspect candidates, keeping only what the real bytes justify.

    Every kept item has been downloaded and parsed: its format comes from the
    container signature and its width/height come from the PNG ``IHDR`` or the
    ICO directory, never from what the source claimed.  A candidate that serves
    other-format bytes counts as a format rejection, a candidate of the wanted
    format that is too small counts as a size rejection, and a candidate whose
    bytes cannot be fetched or parsed is recorded as a failure instead of being
    silently dropped.
    """

    wanted_format = str(request["format"])
    limit = int(request["count"])
    kept: list[KeptImage] = []
    format_rejects = 0
    size_rejects = 0
    failures: list[dict[str, Any]] = []

    for candidate in candidates:
        if len(kept) >= limit:
            break
        try:
            payload = candidate.fetch_bytes()
        except ToolkitError as error:
            failures.append(_failure(candidate, error.to_dict()))
            continue
        except OSError as error:
            failures.append(
                _failure(candidate, error_fragment("fetch_failed", str(error)))
            )
            continue
        detected = images.detect_format(payload)
        if detected is None:
            failures.append(
                _failure(
                    candidate,
                    error_fragment(
                        "image_unreadable",
                        "downloaded payload is not a recognised image format",
                        details={"bytes": len(payload)},
                    ),
                )
            )
            continue
        if detected != wanted_format:
            format_rejects += 1
            continue
        try:
            info = images.inspect_image(payload)
        except ImageFormatError as error:
            failures.append(_failure(candidate, error.to_dict()))
            continue
        if not _meets_minimum_size(info, request):
            size_rejects += 1
            continue
        kept.append(KeptImage(candidate=candidate, info=info, payload=payload))

    return Selection(
        kept=tuple(kept),
        format_rejects=format_rejects,
        size_rejects=size_rejects,
        failures=tuple(failures),
    )


def _slug(candidate: SourceCandidate) -> str:
    raw = str(getattr(candidate, "title", None) or getattr(candidate, "source_id", "") or "image").lower()
    slug = re.sub(r"[^a-z0-9]+", "-", raw).strip("-")
    return (slug or "image")[:60]


PNG_SIGNATURE = b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n"
ICO_HEADER_SIZE = 6
ICO_ENTRY_SIZE = 16
ICO_MAX_DIMENSION = 256
_PNG_CHANNELS = {0: 1, 2: 3, 3: 1, 4: 2, 6: 4}


def _png_chunks(payload: bytes) -> list[tuple[bytes, bytes]]:
    """Split a PNG payload into ``(type, data)`` chunks."""

    if not payload.startswith(PNG_SIGNATURE):
        raise ImageResizeError("payload is not a PNG image")
    chunks: list[tuple[bytes, bytes]] = []
    offset = len(PNG_SIGNATURE)
    while offset + 8 <= len(payload):
        (length,) = struct.unpack(">I", payload[offset : offset + 4])
        chunk_type = payload[offset + 4 : offset + 8]
        data = payload[offset + 8 : offset + 8 + length]
        if len(data) != length:
            raise ImageResizeError("truncated PNG chunk")
        chunks.append((chunk_type, data))
        offset += 12 + length
        if chunk_type == b"IEND":
            return chunks
    raise ImageResizeError("PNG image has no IEND chunk")


def _unfilter_rows(raw: bytes, width: int, height: int, bpp: int) -> list[bytearray]:
    """Undo the per-scanline PNG filters, returning one row per pixel line."""

    stride = width * bpp
    if len(raw) < height * (stride + 1):
        raise ImageResizeError("truncated PNG image data")
    rows: list[bytearray] = []
    previous = bytearray(stride)
    position = 0
    for _ in range(height):
        filter_type = raw[position]
        position += 1
        line = bytearray(raw[position : position + stride])
        position += stride
        if filter_type == 1:
            for index in range(bpp, stride):
                line[index] = (line[index] + line[index - bpp]) & 0xFF
        elif filter_type == 2:
            for index in range(stride):
                line[index] = (line[index] + previous[index]) & 0xFF
        elif filter_type == 3:
            for index in range(stride):
                left = line[index - bpp] if index >= bpp else 0
                line[index] = (line[index] + ((left + previous[index]) >> 1)) & 0xFF
        elif filter_type == 4:
            for index in range(stride):
                left = line[index - bpp] if index >= bpp else 0
                up = previous[index]
                up_left = previous[index - bpp] if index >= bpp else 0
                estimate = left + up - up_left
                to_left = abs(estimate - left)
                to_up = abs(estimate - up)
                to_up_left = abs(estimate - up_left)
                if to_left <= to_up and to_left <= to_up_left:
                    predictor = left
                elif to_up <= to_up_left:
                    predictor = up
                else:
                    predictor = up_left
                line[index] = (line[index] + predictor) & 0xFF
        elif filter_type != 0:
            raise ImageResizeError(f"unsupported PNG filter type {filter_type}")
        previous = line
        rows.append(line)
    return rows


def _row_to_rgba(
    row: bytearray,
    width: int,
    color_type: int,
    depth: int,
    palette: bytes,
    transparency: bytes | None,
) -> bytes:
    """Convert one unfiltered scanline into 8-bit RGBA samples."""

    step = depth // 8
    out = bytearray()
    if color_type == 3:
        for x in range(width):
            index = row[x]
            base = index * 3
            if base + 2 >= len(palette):
                raise ImageResizeError("PNG palette index is out of range")
            alpha = transparency[index] if transparency and index < len(transparency) else 255
            out += bytes((palette[base], palette[base + 1], palette[base + 2], alpha))
        return bytes(out)
    for x in range(width):
        offset = x * step
        if color_type == 0:
            value = row[offset]
            out += bytes((value, value, value, 255))
        elif color_type == 4:
            value = row[offset]
            out += bytes((value, value, value, row[offset + step]))
        elif color_type == 2:
            out += bytes((row[offset], row[offset + step], row[offset + 2 * step], 255))
        else:
            out += bytes(
                (
                    row[offset],
                    row[offset + step],
                    row[offset + 2 * step],
                    row[offset + 3 * step],
                )
            )
    return bytes(out)


def _decode_png(payload: bytes) -> tuple[int, int, list[bytes]]:
    """Decode a PNG payload into ``(width, height, rgba_rows)``."""

    header: tuple[int, ...] | None = None
    palette = b""
    transparency: bytes | None = None
    data = bytearray()
    for chunk_type, chunk_data in _png_chunks(payload):
        if chunk_type == b"IHDR":
            if len(chunk_data) < 13:
                raise ImageResizeError("truncated PNG header")
            header = struct.unpack(">IIBBBBB", chunk_data[:13])
        elif chunk_type == b"PLTE":
            palette = chunk_data
        elif chunk_type == b"tRNS":
            transparency = chunk_data
        elif chunk_type == b"IDAT":
            data += chunk_data
    if header is None:
        raise ImageResizeError("PNG image has no IHDR chunk")
    width, height, depth, color_type, compression, filter_method, interlace = header
    if width < 1 or height < 1:
        raise ImageResizeError("PNG image has no pixels")
    if compression != 0 or filter_method != 0:
        raise ImageResizeError("unsupported PNG compression or filter method")
    if interlace != 0:
        raise ImageResizeError("interlaced PNG images are not supported")
    channels = _PNG_CHANNELS.get(color_type)
    if channels is None:
        raise ImageResizeError(f"unsupported PNG colour type {color_type}")
    if depth not in (8, 16):
        raise ImageResizeError(f"unsupported PNG bit depth {depth}")
    if color_type == 3 and depth > 8:
        raise ImageResizeError("unsupported PNG palette bit depth")
    if color_type == 3 and not palette:
        raise ImageResizeError("PNG palette image has no PLTE chunk")
    try:
        raw = zlib.decompress(bytes(data))
    except zlib.error as exc:
        raise ImageResizeError(f"PNG image data is corrupt: {exc}") from exc
    rows = _unfilter_rows(raw, width, height, channels * (depth // 8))
    return width, height, [
        _row_to_rgba(row, width, color_type, depth, palette, transparency) for row in rows
    ]


def _encode_png(width: int, height: int, rows: Sequence[bytes]) -> bytes:
    """Encode RGBA rows as an uncompressed-filter 8-bit PNG."""

    raw = bytearray()
    for row in rows:
        raw.append(0)
        raw += row

    def chunk(chunk_type: bytes, chunk_data: bytes) -> bytes:
        crc = zlib.crc32(chunk_type + chunk_data) & 0xFFFFFFFF
        return struct.pack(">I", len(chunk_data)) + chunk_type + chunk_data + struct.pack(">I", crc)

    header = struct.pack(">IIBBBBB", width, height, 8, 6, 0, 0, 0)
    return (
        PNG_SIGNATURE
        + chunk(b"IHDR", header)
        + chunk(b"IDAT", zlib.compress(bytes(raw), 6))
        + chunk(b"IEND", b"")
    )


def _ico_entries(payload: bytes) -> list[tuple[int, int, int, int]]:
    """Return ``(width, height, size, offset)`` for every ICO directory entry."""

    if len(payload) < ICO_HEADER_SIZE:
        raise ImageResizeError("payload is not an ICO image")
    reserved, kind, count = struct.unpack("<HHH", payload[:ICO_HEADER_SIZE])
    if reserved != 0 or kind != 1 or count < 1:
        raise ImageResizeError("payload is not an ICO image")
    entries: list[tuple[int, int, int, int]] = []
    for index in range(count):
        start = ICO_HEADER_SIZE + index * ICO_ENTRY_SIZE
        if start + ICO_ENTRY_SIZE > len(payload):
            raise ImageResizeError("truncated ICO directory")
        width, height, _colours, _reserved, _planes, _bits, size, offset = struct.unpack(
            "<BBBBHHII", payload[start : start + ICO_ENTRY_SIZE]
        )
        entries.append((width or ICO_MAX_DIMENSION, height or ICO_MAX_DIMENSION, size, offset))
    return entries


def _encode_ico(png_payload: bytes, width: int, height: int) -> bytes:
    """Wrap a PNG payload in a single-entry ICO container."""

    if width > ICO_MAX_DIMENSION or height > ICO_MAX_DIMENSION:
        raise ImageResizeError("ICO images cannot exceed 256x256 pixels")
    header = struct.pack("<HHH", 0, 1, 1)
    entry = struct.pack(
        "<BBBBHHII",
        width % ICO_MAX_DIMENSION,
        height % ICO_MAX_DIMENSION,
        0,
        0,
        1,
        32,
        len(png_payload),
        ICO_HEADER_SIZE + ICO_ENTRY_SIZE,
    )
    return header + entry + png_payload


def _decode_image(payload: bytes) -> tuple[str, int, int, list[bytes]]:
    """Decode a PNG or ICO payload into ``(container, width, height, rows)``."""

    if payload.startswith(PNG_SIGNATURE):
        width, height, rows = _decode_png(payload)
        return "png", width, height, rows
    if len(payload) >= ICO_HEADER_SIZE and payload[:4] == b"\x00\x00\x01\x00":
        entries = _ico_entries(payload)
        _width, _height, size, offset = max(entries, key=lambda item: item[0] * item[1])
        embedded = payload[offset : offset + size]
        if not embedded.startswith(PNG_SIGNATURE):
            raise ImageResizeError("ICO images stored as raw bitmaps are not supported")
        width, height, rows = _decode_png(embedded)
        return "ico", width, height, rows
    raise ImageResizeError("payload is neither a PNG nor an ICO image")


def _target_size(width: int, height: int, request: Mapping[str, Any]) -> tuple[int, int]:
    """Shrink-to-fit target inside the requested box, never enlarging."""

    wanted_width = request.get("width")
    wanted_height = request.get("height")
    scale = 1.0
    if wanted_width is not None:
        scale = min(scale, wanted_width / width)
    if wanted_height is not None:
        scale = min(scale, wanted_height / height)
    if scale >= 1.0:
        return width, height
    return max(1, int(round(width * scale))), max(1, int(round(height * scale)))


def _resample(rows: Sequence[bytes], width: int, height: int, target_width: int, target_height: int) -> list[bytes]:
    """Nearest-neighbour downscale of RGBA rows."""

    columns = [min(width - 1, (x * width) // target_width) * 4 for x in range(target_width)]
    resized: list[bytes] = []
    for y in range(target_height):
        source = rows[min(height - 1, (y * height) // target_height)]
        line = bytearray()
        for offset in columns:
            line += source[offset : offset + 4]
        resized.append(bytes(line))
    return resized


def resize_image(payload: bytes, request: Mapping[str, Any]) -> tuple[bytes, dict[str, Any]]:
    """Downscale ``payload`` so it fits the requested size.

    The requested width and height are a bounding box: the aspect ratio is
    preserved, an image that already fits is left untouched and an image is
    never scaled up.  The returned fragment records what happened so the caller
    can report the real dimensions of the stored file.
    """

    container, width, height, rows = _decode_image(payload)
    target_width, target_height = _target_size(width, height, request)
    fragment: dict[str, Any] = {
        "requested": {"width": request.get("width"), "height": request.get("height")},
        "from": {"width": width, "height": height},
    }
    if (target_width, target_height) == (width, height):
        fragment.update(
            {"applied": False, "reason": "already_fits", "to": {"width": width, "height": height}}
        )
        return payload, fragment
    png_payload = _encode_png(
        target_width, target_height, _resample(rows, width, height, target_width, target_height)
    )
    output = (
        _encode_ico(png_payload, target_width, target_height)
        if container == "ico"
        else png_payload
    )
    fragment.update({"applied": True, "to": {"width": target_width, "height": target_height}})
    return output, fragment


def _download(
    selected: Sequence[KeptImage], request: Mapping[str, Any]
) -> tuple[list[dict[str, Any]], int]:
    """Write the already-fetched payloads; return ``(items, failure_count)``.

    The bytes verified by :func:`_select` are stored as they are (or downscaled
    first when ``resize`` is enabled), so an item can never be downloaded twice
    or stored in a format that was not verified.  A payload that cannot be
    downscaled to the requested size is reported as a failed item instead of
    being silently stored at the wrong size.
    """

    directory = Path(request["output_dir"]).expanduser()
    try:
        directory.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
    except OSError as exc:
        raise SourceAccessError(
            f"cannot create output directory {str(directory)!r}: {exc.strerror or exc}",
            details={"output_dir": str(directory)},
        ) from exc

    suffix = "." + str(request["format"])
    items: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
    failures = 0
    for index, entry in enumerate(selected, start=1):
        record = entry.to_item()
        destination = directory / f"{index:03d}-{_slug(entry.candidate)}{suffix}"
        payload = entry.payload
        try:
            resize_fragment = resize_image(payload, request) if request["resize"] else None
            if resize_fragment is not None:
                payload, resize_fragment = resize_fragment
            destination.write_bytes(payload)
        except (ToolkitError, OSError) as exc:
            failures += 1
            error = error_fragment(getattr(exc, "code", "download_failed"), str(exc))
            if isinstance(exc, ToolkitError) and exc.details:
                error["details"] = dict(exc.details)
            record["download"] = {"ok": False, "error": error}
        else:
            record["download"] = {"ok": True, "path": str(destination), "bytes": len(payload)}
            if resize_fragment is not None:
                record["download"]["resize"] = resize_fragment
                record["download"]["width"] = resize_fragment["to"]["width"]
                record["download"]["height"] = resize_fragment["to"]["height"]
        items.append(record)
    return items, failures


def _guess_source(argv: Sequence[str]) -> str | None:
    """Best-effort source id extraction for error envelopes."""

    for index, token in enumerate(argv):
        if token == "--source" or token == "-s":
            if index + 1 < len(argv):
                return argv[index + 1]
        elif token.startswith("--source="):
            return token.split("=", 1)[1]
    return None


def _request_from(argv: Sequence[str]) -> tuple[dict[str, Any], str, Any]:
    """Turn CLI arguments into ``(normalized_request, source_id, registry)``."""

    parser = build_parser()
    namespace = parser.parse_args(list(argv))
    flags = _flags_to_mapping(namespace)
    document = namespace.request

    if document is not None:
        if flags:
            raise RequestError(
                "a request document cannot be combined with flags: "
                + ", ".join(sorted(flags)),
                details={"conflicting_flags": sorted(flags)},
                accepted_fields=REQUEST_FIELDS,
            )
        raw = _document_to_mapping(_load_document(document))
    elif flags:
        raw = flags
    else:
        raise RequestError(
            "no request given; pass a JSON request document or at least one flag",
            accepted_fields=REQUEST_FIELDS,
        )

    request = normalize_request(raw)
    registry = default_registry()
    available = list(registry.available_sources())
    if request["source"] not in available:
        raise UnknownSourceError(request["source"], available)
    return request, request["source"], registry


def _execute(argv: Sequence[str]) -> Response:
    """Run one request and return the response that must be printed.

    The search path downloads a bounded window of candidates and filters that
    window on the parsed bytes, so the answer distinguishes three different
    situations through both the status and the exit code:

    * ``ok`` -- at least one image really is the requested format and at least
      the requested width and height;
    * ``no_format`` -- the source had hits, but none of them really are the
      requested format;
    * ``no_size`` -- images of the requested format existed, but all of them
      are smaller than requested;
    * ``access_error`` -- the source could not be searched or served bytes that
      are not readable images, which is never reported as a "no match".
    """

    request, source, registry = _request_from(argv)
    builder = ResponseBuilder(source=source, request=request)

    if request["dry_run"]:
        return builder.dry_run()

    cap = candidate_cap(request["count"])
    candidates = registry.search(source, request["topic"], cap)
    selection = _select(candidates, request)
    unreadable = list(selection.failures)

    if not selection.kept:
        details = {
            "requested_format": request["format"],
            "requested_size": {"width": request["width"], "height": request["height"]},
            "minimum_size": {"width": request["width"], "height": request["height"]},
            "candidate_count": len(candidates),
            "candidates_inspected": selection.inspected,
            "format_matches": selection.size_rejects,
            "size_matches": 0,
            "unreadable_candidates": len(unreadable),
        }
        if unreadable:
            return builder.access_error(
                error=error_fragment(
                    "candidate_unreadable",
                    "the source served images that could not be read",
                    details={**details, "failures": unreadable},
                )
            )
        if selection.size_rejects:
            return builder.build(
                STATUS_NO_SIZE,
                error=error_fragment(
                    "no_size_match",
                    "the source returned no images at least the requested width and height",
                    details=details,
                ),
            )
        return builder.build(
            STATUS_NO_FORMAT,
            error=error_fragment(
                "no_format_match",
                f"the source returned no {request['format']} images for {request['topic']!r}",
                details=details,
            ),
        )

    if not request["download"]:
        if unreadable:
            return builder.build(
                STATUS_PARTIAL_DOWNLOAD,
                items=[entry.to_item() for entry in selection.kept],
                error=error_fragment(
                    "candidate_incomplete",
                    f"{len(unreadable)} of {selection.inspected + len(unreadable)} "
                    "candidates could not be read",
                    details={
                        "failed": len(unreadable),
                        "total": selection.inspected + len(unreadable),
                        "failures": unreadable,
                    },
                ),
            )
        return builder.build(STATUS_OK, items=[entry.to_item() for entry in selection.kept])

    items, download_failures = _download(selection.kept, request)
    failed = download_failures + len(unreadable)
    if download_failures == len(items):
        return builder.build(
            STATUS_ACCESS_ERROR,
            items=items,
            error=error_fragment(
                "download_failed",
                "every download failed",
                details={"failed": download_failures, "total": len(items)},
            ),
        )
    if failed:
        return builder.build(
            STATUS_PARTIAL_DOWNLOAD,
            items=items,
            error=error_fragment(
                "download_incomplete",
                f"{failed} of {len(items) + len(unreadable)} images could not be handled",
                details={
                    "failed": failed,
                    "total": len(items) + len(unreadable),
                    "failures": unreadable,
                },
            ),
        )
    return builder.build(STATUS_OK, items=items)


def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
    """Entry point: emit exactly one JSON document and return the exit code."""

    arguments = list(sys.argv[1:] if argv is None else argv)
    try:
        response = _execute(arguments)
    except ToolkitError as error:
        builder = ResponseBuilder(source=_guess_source(arguments))
        response = builder.from_error(error)
    except OSError as error:
        builder = ResponseBuilder(source=_guess_source(arguments))
        response = builder.build(
            STATUS_ACCESS_ERROR,
            error=error_fragment("access_error", str(error)),
        )
    response.emit()
    return response.exit_code


if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover - module entry point
    sys.exit(main())